NTP NTC 熱敏 電阻 Positive Temperature Coefficient Negative positive temperature coefficient resistor

https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E6%95%8F%E7%94%B5%E9%98%BB
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermistor
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B9%A7%E6%B5%AA%E9%9B%BB%E6%B5%81%E9%99%90%E5%88%B6%E5%99%A8
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inrush_current_limiter
負溫度係數Negative Temperature Coefficient (NTC)
正溫度係數（PTC，Positive Temperature Coefficient）
Positive Temperature Coefficient (PTC)
臨界溫度熱敏電阻CTR，Critical Temperature Resistance）

main distribution frame  Overvoltage protection 

MOV based modular solid-state switches and a concentrated
壓敏電阻Metal Oxide Varistors  MOV Metal Voltage Dependent Resistor

https://embeddedschool.in/list-types-of-protection-devices/

tvs over Voltage  protection component
tvs over Voltage  protection

Over-Voltage and Over-Current Protection Explained over Voltage  protection component Components such as MOV, GDT, SPG (Spark Gap Protectors) and TSS (Thyristor Surge Suppressors) serve as the primary form of protection against overvoltage. TVS and ESD

button doorbell ESD Protection Circuits protection zener TVS uClamp3301D BAT54S BAV99 1N4148W AN015 - Input Protection Circuits

 https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/663623/mcu-input-pin-protection

button ESD Protection Circuits doorbell protection

 zener TVS uClamp3301D BAT54S BAV99  1N4148W 

https://resources.altium.com/p/beginners-guide-esd-protection-circuit-design-pcbs

https://circuitcellar.com/resources/ee-tips/active-esd-protection-for-microcontrollers-ee-tip/

Active ESD Protection for Microcontrollers (EE Tip #129) - Circuit Cellar

https://uk.rs-online.com/web/content/discovery/ideas-and-advice/push-button-switches-guide

https://www.electroschematics.com/musical-doorbell/

Schematic of the musical doorbell circuit

button  doorbell protection  Input Protection Circuits diode Isolated

interference - Microcontroller with a long wire for digital input - Electrical Engineering Stack Exchange
https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/49824/microcontroller-with-a-long-wire-for-digital-input
protection Protecting MCU digital input with 300m wires - Electrical Engineering Stack Exchange https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/607286/protecting-mcu-digital-input-with-300m-wires


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage_spike
SPD Switch  charge over switch EMC Filters  Surge Protection spikes Electromagnetic pulses
Inductor kickback
Voltage spike ELECTRICAL switch
Resistor-capacitor snubber configuration.
Resistor-capacitor snubber
Resistor-Capacitor (RC) Snubber Design for Power Switches | DigiKey
https://www.digikey.tw/en/articles/resistor-capacitor-rc-snubber-design-for-power-switches
https://www.quora.com/How-does-an-RC-Snubber-circuit-work
https://eepower.com/technical-articles/snubber-network-choices-design-and-evaluation/

home automation distribution Electrical Distribution Board Wiring Diagram Aruduno Based Industrial PLC

Electrical Distribution Board    Wiring Diagram

 https://www.unipi.technology/products/family-house-automation-system-166

Family house automation system | Unipi

UniPi Axon Raspberry PI Based PLC

Aruduno Based Industrial PLC

ESP32 Industrial Controller with WIFI Digital 24V from NORVI Controllers on Tindie

IEC 61131-3: IL, FBD, LD, SFC, ST, CFC, powerful library management

home automation HACKDAY IO

Nextech | PLC- programovanie riadiacej jednotky UniPi Neuron v grafickom prostredí Node

https://www.kincony.com/2021/07/12

07/12/2021 - Smart Home Automation | KinCony
https://www.kincony.com/product/power-distribution-box
KC868-A8S ESP32 Ethernet RS485 Relay 4G GSM Development Board Switch MQTT HTTP ESPhome Home Assistant Tasmota DIY
KC868-AIO ESP32 All In One Board 58CH DI 32CH DO 16CH AO 19CH AI For Home Assistant By ESPHome
Smart Home Automation Module Controller System Switch Remote Power Circuit Breaker Distribution Box Board   phase Cabinet

https://www.kincony.com/smart-electrical-distribution-panel-tuya-home-assistant-8ch.html
Home Automation Kits Electricity meter Distribution board Electrical Wires & Cable, electronics, electrical Wires Cable png
DIY home automation system: main controller board. Autonomous controller and a bridge between my other DIY
home automation  controller relay

https://store.ncd.io/product/industrial-relay-controller-16-channel-spdt-uxp-expansion-port/
Industrial Relay Controller 16-Channel SPDT + UXP Expansion Port
smartDEN IP 16 Relay Web enabled Module with DIN Rail BOX

relay PID PRO DIN Rail Mount  Relay DIN Rail Mounted Slim Relay Module SPDT
industrial  relay PID PRO DIN Rail Mount  Relay  Module SPDT

The Basics of Control Relays | Relay Control Systems | Textbook
high quality Single Pole Double Throw Relay(SPDT).
DPDT stands for double-pole double-throw relay
din rail mount
GEYA 4 Channel Relay Module 1 SPDT DIN Rail Mount 5V 12V 24V DC/AC Interface Relay Module for PLC GEYA 4 Channel Relay Module 1 SPDT DIN Rail Mount 12V 24V DC/AC Interface Relay Module
industrial relay controller din rail mount Industrial Controller surge protection
PHOENIX CONTACT TT-ST-M-EX(I)-24DC  Surge Protector, Mains Surge Protector, 2 Pole, 10 kA, 30 VDC, DIN Rail
https://de.farnell.com/en-DE/phoenix-contact/tt-st-m-ex-i-24dc/surge-protect-10ka-30vdc-din-rail/dp/3285615

Inductor Filter Capacitor Filter T Filter LC Filter π Filter

https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/8/4/378
Electronics | Free Full-Text | Disturbance and Signal Filter for Power Line Communication
https://www.deditec.de/en/shop/starter-serie/starter-usb/usb-relais-8/
Home / Shop / Starter-Series / Starter-USB / USB relay module with 8 relay outputs USB relay module with 8 relay outputs
https://www.eeeguide.com/smoothing-circuits/
Smoothing Circuits | Voltage Regulators
https://www.chegg.com/homework-help/questions-and-answers/need-matlab-codes-band-pass-parallel-rlc-filter-mentioned-analysis-1-analyzing-frequency-r-q19610388
Solved I need MATLAB codes for the above Band-Pass Parallel | Chegg.com
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Figure-1-Grid-connected-LC-filter-The-LC-filter-transfer-function-of-grid-side-voltage_fig1_290495798
https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/576124/why-a-low-pass-filter-across-relay-contacts-instead-of-a-high-pass-filter
https://www.amazon.com/Filter-Finished-Product-Filtering-Amplifier/dp/B0B4DZZ7GX
Amazon.com: Low Pass Filter Module, Non Burr Finished Product Power Supply Filtering Board PCB 100W 12V for Radio Amplifier : 電子
https://circuitdigest.com/article/impedance-matching-filter-circuit-design-lc-l-and-pi-filters
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_filter
https://ecstudiosystems.com/discover/textbooks/basic-electronics/rectifiers/smoothing-filters/
There are four basic types of filter circuits: Simple capacitor filter LC choke-input filter LC capacitor-input filter (pi-type) RC capacitor-input filter (pi-type)
https://circuitdigest.com/tutorial/pi-filter-working-application-circuit-design-tips
http://broadcastconcepts.com/lpf800/
800 watt low pass filter
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Stripline_PCB_Filter_2.JPG
File:Stripline PCB Filter 2.JPG - Wikimedia Commons
https://www.daenotes.com/electronics/devices-circuits/filter-circuits
Inductor Filter Capacitor Filter T Filter LC Filter π Filter
https://lambdageeks.com/lc-pi-filter/

https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/571171/why-does-a-2nd-capacitor-and-coil-smooth-this-signal

https://www.lcautomation.com/Store/Category/1175/Product/39.11.0.024.0060.aspx
39 Series Single Pole Relay 6A 24Vac/dc - Push in
circuit relay open hardware snubber citations contact protection circuit
https://www.homemade-circuits.com/prevent-relay-arcing-using-rc-snubber-circuits/

Relaxation Oscillator signal PUT Relaxation Oscillator Unijunction Transistor ujt

 Relaxation Oscillator signal PUT Relaxation Oscillator Unijunction Transistor

thyristor triggers.    oscillators.    pulse.    timing circuits with frequencies up to 10 kHz.

put transistor application

Programmable Unijunction Transistor

Programmable Unijunction Transistor

 Relaxation Oscillator signal Unijunction Transistor

Torque Boost waveform

Relaxation   "waveform" circuit  stepper motor

Relaxation Oscillators application

Classic Circuits You Should Know Relaxation Oscillator

PUT sawtooth Voltage Controlled Oscillator Oscillators | Relaxation Oscillators

Astable Multivibrators: Relaxation Oscillator, Inverting Schmitt-Trigger, Calculation Example

sawtooth Relaxation Oscillator STEPPER MOTOR  Waveform Generato

Working Principle of Sawtooth Wave Generator

(296) Electrical & Electronic Waveforms: sine, square, triangular, sawtooth, ramp - YouTube

Relaxation integration Oscillator circuit motor control

Conventional comparator-based relaxation oscillator structure equipped... | Download Scientific Diagram

Conventional comparator-based relaxation oscillator structure equipped with timing circuits

power switch relay ssr scr TRIAC DIAC igbt Thyristor PUT unijunction circuit Unijunction Transistor and UJT Relaxation Oscillator SCR PUJT Thyristor

 power switch relay ssr scr TRIAC DIAC igbt Thyristor

https://learnabout-electronics.org/Semiconductors/thyristors_66.php

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyristor

Solid State Relay Safety Features 

https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/power/solid-state-relay.html

power switch zero cross Peak Voltage limit

https://circuitdigest.com/electronic-circuits/230v-ac-mains-over-voltage-protection-circuit

 

PUT unijunction circuit Unijunction Transistor and UJT Relaxation Oscillator  SCR  PUJT  Thyristor

https://www.instructables.com/Circuit-Collection-of-the-Programmable-Unijunction/

https://www.electronics-notes.com/articles/electronic_components/unijunction-transistors/programmable-unijunction-transistor-put.php

RELAY BOARD Industrial Control Board standard Industry Industrial protection Electrical Electronics ISO IEC ITU

 https://www.wazipoint.com/2016/10/list-of-all-international-standard_10.html

International Standards Organization

 Industrial Control standard Industry Industrial protection Electrical  Electronics  

ISO IEC ITU 

 IEC-62443

https://www.sans.org/blog/introduction-to-ics-security/

Security Standards  Industrial Control Electrical Industrial  Security

EN61810-1
EN50205
UL508
CSA C22.2 No.14
KS C IEC 61810-1
EN 50205
CQC GB/T 21711.1

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7603911

Protecting NI Switch Modules When Switching Inductive Loads - NI

https://knowledge.ni.com/KnowledgeArticleDetails?id=kA00Z000000kKOZSA2&l=en-US

inductor kickback protection relay implementing surge-prevention measures applicable to ac and dc inductive loads respectively

Behavior of a coil with alternating current

https://www.tdk.com/en/tech-mag/electronics_primer/2

inductor kickback Electrical Transients coil inductance  Inductor  Effects  square  current  Behavior coil with alternating current

iec 60204-1 / en 60204 safety of machinery – electrical equipment of machines – part 1: general requirements

Ethernet PHY Ethernet ESD EMI TVS diodes ESD EOS CMC BS Protection Transformer Lan Filter

 Ethernet PHY Ethernet ESD EMI TVS diodes  ESD EOS CMC BS Protection Transformer Lan Filter

Ethernet PHY
Ethernet ESD EMI TVS diodes
EOS ESD
CMC BS
common-mode choke (CMC)
Bob Smith (BS)

 Protection Transformer Lan Filter

Ethernet PHY  CMC BS Transformer Lan Filter

Electromagnetic interference EMI
Electrical Over Stress EOS
electrostatic discharge (ESD)
electrical fast transient (EFT)
cable discharge events (CDE)
transient voltage suppressor (TVS)

 IEEE 802.3 standard for Ethernet interfaces.

https://www.signalintegrityjournal.com/articles/1808-ethernet-connectors-and-routing-above-ground-planes
https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/426866/ground-planes-disposition-in-ethernet-connection
https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/191037/chassis-ground-on-ethernet-rj45-connector

Explanation of ethernet transformer signals RDCT, TDCT, RXCT, TXCT
https://adaptive.com.tw/knowledge/lan-xfmr-control/
https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/364054/explanation-of-ethernet-transformer-signals-rdct-tdct-rxct-txct

The transmit and receive terminals connect to a termination network, then to 1:1 magnetics (transformer), then to ESD protection diodes and an RJ-45 connector.

EMI, EMC, EFT, and ESD Circuit Design Consideration for ...microchip.com › ApplicationNotes
Ethernet PHY Ethernet ESD EMI Protection Transformer Lan Filter
A quick summary of EMI, EFT, and ESD protection strategies. 4. Capacitor filter selection and characteristics. 5. PCB Hardware design best practices and ...

 

Ethernet PHY Transformer Lan Filter circuit EMC-Compliant 10/100-Mbps Ethernet PHY  IEEE 802.3at 

 Reference Design Library > Power Management > POE - Power Over Ethernet https://www.digikey.tw/reference-designs/en/power-management/poe-power-over-ethernet

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.3

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_over_Ethernet

ieee 802.3 standard phy 100base circuit Transmissions Transformer

power supply Reverse Voltage Protection circuit inductive load surge-prevention

  How to protect circuits from reversed voltage polarity!

generator high voltage low amp short shunt armature field boost Shunt Generator

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Unified_Modeling_Language_tools

 https://www.homemade-circuits.com/how-to-make-simple-boost-converter-circuits/

 https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/shunt-generator

https://studyelectrical.com/2014/08/types-of-dc-generators.html 

short shunt   boost  Circuit

https://www.digikey.com/en/maker/blogs/adding-short-circuit-protection-to-a-step-up-converter

https://www.powerelectronicsnews.com/the-dc-dc-boost-converter-power-supply-design-tutorial-section-5-1/

short Circuit Protection to a Step-Up Converter

https://e2e.ti.com/blogs_/archives/b/fullycharged/posts/make-your-power-bank-safer-with-output-short-circuit-protection

shunt circuit boost wevj  Double Boost

WEVJ | Free Full-Text | Design Method of Double-Boost DC/DC Converter with High Voltage Gain for Electric Vehicles

https://www.mdpi.com/2032-6653/11/4/64

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/346135152_Design_Method_of_Double-Boost_DCDC_Converter_with_High_Voltage_Gain_for_Electric_Vehicles

MOSFET

 APT10035LLL MOSFET-based high voltage short pulse

https://aip.scitation.org/doi/pdf/10.1063/1.5021211 

 MOSFET Gate Driver Circuit Design for High Repetitive (200kHz) High Voltage (10kV) Solid-State Pulsed-Power Modulator

Parallel Redundancy IEC 61850 HMI SCADA Protection

 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269309732_Protection_and_control_system_upgrade_based_on_IEC-_61850_and_PRP

 

 Protection and control system upgrade based on IEC- 61850 and PRP

Arduino Granular Synth 自製吉他音樂效果器

Arduino Granular Synth 自製吉他音樂效果器

Auduino - tinkerit - Details of the Auduino synthesiser - Open source releases from TinkerLondon and Tinker.it - Google Project Hosting
https://code.google.com/p/tinkerit/wiki/Auduino
The Auduino is a sound synthesizer based on the Arduino platform. It works on all Arduinos running at 16MHz -
everything from the original Arduino serial to the Arduino Mega. It uses granular synthesis techniques to generate a distinctive filter-sweep sound that had much more character than boring square waves.
Auduino 是 音樂效果器 （合成器） ，以arduino 為基礎的平台，他工作在所有arduino 16Mhz 上 ， 所有包含 原始系列到Mega版本，他用音效技術過濾轉變音樂，讓音波更多變化
效果器的原理大概是，利用產生一些音效特徵（像音波訊號產生器），經過過濾出想要混合的波段，將不要的部分壓低訊號強度，重新混合

• 
  
• Notes and Volts: Build the Auduino Granular Synth - Part 1 
• http://www.notesandvolts.com/2014/07/build-auduino-granular-synth-part-1.html
• Notes and Volts: Build the Auduino Granular Synth - Part 2 
• http://www.notesandvolts.com/2014/08/build-auduino-granular-synth-part-2.html
• 
  
• Drill Guide 
• https://drive.google.com/file/d/0BwnVMB_6yujwdUVncWdPSlJncTA/edit?usp=sharing
• Front Panel Art  
• https://drive.google.com/file/d/0BwnVMB_6yujwdzR2T3BfWXUxNEE/edit?usp=sharing
• circuit described  
• http://www.notesandvolts.com/2012/12/fun-with-arduino-arduino-on-breadboard.html
• Auduino_v5.pde Sketch file  
• https://code.google.com/p/tinkerit/downloads/detail?name=auduino_v5.pde&can=2&q=
• chip as described  
• http://www.notesandvolts.com/2013/01/fun-with-arduino-arduino-as-isp.html
• Adafruit Perma-Proto Board 
• http://www.notesandvolts.com/2014/07/fun-with-arduino-arduino-on-proto-board.html

相關連結

• Notes and Volts: Fun with Arduino - Midi Input Basics 
• http://www.notesandvolts.com/2012/01/fun-with-arduino-midi-input-basics.html
• Notes and Volts: Fun with Arduino - Arduino on a Breadboard 
• http://www.notesandvolts.com/2012/12/fun-with-arduino-arduino-on-breadboard.html
• Notes and Volts: Chromatic Side-slipping with the Pentatonic Scale 
• http://www.notesandvolts.com/2012/01/chromatic-side-slipping-with-pentatonic_16.html
• Notes and Volts: NaV-1 Arduino Synth - Build it 
• http://www.notesandvolts.com/2013/03/nav-1-arduino-synth-build-it.html
• Notes and Volts: Midi for the Arduino - Build a Midi Input Circuit 
• http://www.notesandvolts.com/2015/02/midi-and-arduino-build-midi-input.html

• Auduino (Lo-fi Synth for arduino) 
• http://www.instructables.com/id/Auduino-Lo-fi-Synth-for-arduino/
• The Arduino Synthesizer 
• http://www.instructables.com/id/The-Arduino-Synthesizer/
• Arduino Vocal Effects Box
• http://www.instructables.com/id/Arduino-Vocal-Effects-Box/
• Turn your Arduino into a 4 voice wavetable synth with only a few components...
• http://www.instructables.com/id/Turn-your-Arduino-into-a-4-voice-wavetable-synth-w/
• 
  
• Bear Cave Synth: Auduino Granular Synth 
• http://bearcavesynth.blogspot.tw/p/auduino.html
• 
  
• Auduino DIY Synthesizer » Synthtopia
• http://www.synthtopia.com/content/2009/05/17/auduino-diy-synthesizer/
• 
  
• Adding CV inputs to the Auduino granular synth -Use Arduino for Projects
• http://duino4projects.com/adding-cv-inputs-auduino-granular-synth/
• 
  
• Standuino » fraAngelico synth
• http://www.standuino.eu/musical-instruments/fra-angelico/
• Standuino » microGranny
• http://www.standuino.eu/musical-instruments/microgranny/
• 
  
• Mozzi is a sound synthesis software library for Arduino. ... 
• and super cheap Arduino, without the need for additional shields, message passing or external synths.
• http://sensorium.github.io/Mozzi/
• 
  
• microGranny 2.0 is a New Handmade Granular Sampler from the Czech Republic - Create Digital Music
• http://createdigitalmusic.com/2014/03/microgranny-2-0-new-handmade-granular-sampler-czech-republic/
• 
  
• ARDUINO DSP
• http://www.amandaghassaei.com/projects/arduinodsp/
• 
  
• Sharing knowledge: Reviewing the new Arduino Kit
• http://www.makerlab.info/blog/tag/synth/
• 
  
• Music | ΩNΩNΩ music from Gameboy MIDI
• http://ohmnohmnohm.com/category/music/
• 
  
• littleBits and KORG: Snap Together A Synth with Magnets, $159; Module-by-Module Details, Q&A, Gallery - Create Digital Music
• http://www.pinchplant.com/tag/open/
• 
  
• Palm Sounds: Chimera Synthesis bc16 small modular hand held patchable synthesizer on eBay
• http://www.palmsounds.net/2013/04/chimera-synthesis-bc16-small-modular.html
• 
  
• boutique synthesizer » Synthtopia
• http://www.synthtopia.com/content/tag/boutique-synthesizer/page/2/
• 
  
• RCArduino: Arduino Modular Synthesizer - Part One
• http://rcarduino.blogspot.tw/2012/10/arduino-modular-synthesizer-part-one.html
• 
  
• Inspektor Gadjet Arduino Projects Archives - Inspektor Gadjet
• http://www.inspektorgadjet.com/categories/arduino/
• 
  
• Maximilian is an audio synthesis and signal processing library written in C++. It's cross-platform compatible with MacOS, Windows, Linux and IOS systems.
• https://github.com/micknoise/Maximilian
• 
  
• Intermediate MaxMSP - MaxMSP is a visual programming language that helps you build complex, interactive programs without any prior experience writing code.  MaxMSP is especially useful for building audio, MIDI, video, and graphics applications where user interaction is needed.  
• http://www.instructables.com/id/Intermediate-MaxMSP/
• 
  
• dsPIC FPGA - This is a small project focused on CV-based signal generation using the Microchip dsPIC and a mid-range Xilinx Spartan 3A FPGA. Microchip dsPIC33FJ128GP204 Microcontroller , Xilinx XC3S200AVQ100 Spartan 3A FPGA with 200k gates, Cirrus Logic CS4344 stereo audio DAC with up to 192kHz / 24-bit sampling.
• http://ebrombaugh.studionebula.com/synth/dsPIC_fpga/index.html
• 
  
• brian-crabtree | PINCHPLANT
• http://www.pinchplant.com/tag/brian-crabtree/
• 
  
• How to Circuit bend a Yamaha PSS 140 synthesizer « Hacks, Mods & Circuitry
• http://mods-n-hacks.wonderhowto.com/how-to/circuit-bend-yamaha-pss-140-synthesizer-357845/
• https://hackaday.com/tag/dac/page/4/
• 
  
• Evol Audio Fucifier
• http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/feb10/articles/evolaudiofucifier.htm
• 
  
• ElectroSmash - pedalSHIELD Arduino Guitar Pedal.
• http://www.electrosmash.com/pedalshield
• 
  
• dac | Hackaday | Page 4 PLAYING MP3S FROM AN FPGA | ATARI 2600 RECREATED IN AN FPGA
• Scullcom Hobby Electronics #11 - Design & Building a Precision Voltage Reference Box
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=01IBdhcEmOw
• 
  
• Google search "Arduino Granular Synth"
• https://www.google.com.tw/search?q=Arduino+Granular+Synth&client=safari&rls=en&biw=1005&bih=812&source=lnms&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiU8bag86_JAhXk6KYKHaAlDewQ_AUIBigA&dpr=1
• Google search "Arduino MIDI Synth"
• https://www.google.com.tw/search?client=safari&rls=en&q=Arduino+MIDI+Synth&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&gfe_rd=cr&ei=GwlYVvftNsOA2QS4mpHQAQ
• Google search "Arduino Modular Synth Project"
• https://www.google.com.tw/search?client=safari&rls=en&q=Arduino+Modular+Synth+Project&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&gfe_rd=cr&ei=7glYVp2NB8OA2QS4mpHQAQ
• Google search "fpga granular synth"
• https://www.google.com.tw/search?client=safari&rls=en&biw=1437&bih=586&q=fpga+granular+synth++&oq=fpga+granular+synth++&gs_l=serp.3...135112.135112.0.135584.1.1.0.0.0.0.41.41.1.1.0....0...1c.1.64.serp..1.0.0.ReH9IRg89j0
• Google search "audio  granular source code"
• https://www.google.com.tw/search?q=audio++granular+source+code&client=safari&rls=en&biw=1437&bih=586&source=lnms&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj88sTlkbDJAhUDmZQKHbgjDiMQ_AUIBigA&dpr=1
• Google search "avr audio  synthesizer"
• https://www.google.com.tw/search?client=safari&rls=en&biw=1437&bih=586&tbm=isch&sa=1&q=avr+audio++synthesizer&oq=avr+audio++synthesizer&gs_l=img.3...2746.3116.0.3684.2.2.0.0.0.0.38.71.2.2.0....0...1c.1.64.img..2.0.0.W3KPOWqMMGw
• Google search "Electric Guitar Effects Single Effects"
• https://www.google.com.tw/search?client=safari&rls=en&q=Electric%20Guitar%20Effects%20Single%20Effects&um=1&ie=UTF-8&hl=zh-TW&tbm=isch&source=og&sa=N&tab=wi&ei=XxNYVt7BLcbM0ATHvaSIBQ
• Google search "Granular effect Fuzz"
• https://www.google.com.tw/search?client=safari&rls=en&biw=1437&bih=586&tbm=isch&sa=1&q=Granular+effect+Fuzz&oq=Granular+effect+Fuzz&gs_l=img.12...15354.15896.0.17807.2.2.0.0.0.0.45.84.2.2.0....0...1c.1.64.img..2.0.0.lnA6UmmmVLM
• Google search "Electric Guitar Effects Single Effects pcb"
• https://www.google.com.tw/search?client=safari&rls=en&hl=zh-TW&biw=1437&bih=586&tbm=isch&sa=1&q=Electric+Guitar+Effects+Single+Effects+pcb&oq=Electric+Guitar+Effects+Single+Effects+pcb&gs_l=img.3...12701.18248.0.18525.11.11.0.0.0.0.39.387.11.11.0....0...1c.1.64.img..11.0.0.nQG0pBx8cRc
• Google search "synthesizer Electric Guitar Effects Single Granular synthesis"
• https://www.google.com.tw/search?client=safari&rls=en&hl=zh-TW&biw=1437&bih=586&tbm=isch&sa=1&q=synthesizer+Electric+Guitar+Effects+Single+Granular+synthesis&oq=synthesizer+Electric+Guitar+Effects+Single+Granular+synthesis&gs_l=img.12...54590.225633.0.641705.11.10.1.0.0.0.153.513.9j1.10.0....0...1c.1.64.img..7.4.169.AmWUfI7RzJk
• Google search "granular effect circuit hobby"
• https://www.google.com.tw/search?client=safari&rls=en&hl=zh-TW&biw=1437&bih=586&tbm=isch&sa=1&q=granular+effect+circuit+hobby&oq=granular+effect+circuit+hobby&gs_l=img.3...14838.15666.0.15956.4.4.0.0.0.0.48.177.4.4.0....0...1c.1.64.img..4.0.0.GuIGUCdStCM
• audio  24bit Analog Digital Converter
• Google search " audio 24 bit Analog Digital Converter"
• https://www.google.com.tw/search?client=safari&rls=en&biw=1437&bih=586&q=audio++24bit+Analog+Digital+Converter&oq=audio++24bit+Analog+Digital+Converter&gs_l=serp.3..0i8i13i30.26517.32196.0.32727.7.7.0.0.0.0.56.371.7.7.0....0...1c.1.64.serp..0.7.371.kgtFvDEiwf0
• 
  
• Granular synthesis is a basic sound synthesis method that operates on the microsound time scale.
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granular_synthesis

• Death By Audio Apocalypse Review – Best Fuzz Distortion Pedal? Gainiac/War Fuzz
• http://www.bestguitareffects.com/death-by-audio-apocalypse-review-best-fuzz-distortion-pedal/

關鍵字 ， 單字
電子 Electric 合成 synthesizer 吉他 Guitar 效果Effects 訊號Single 吉他Granular 合成 synthesis

單晶片 AVR Arduino PIC
數位訊號 處理 FPGA CPLD DSP

電子 電路 教學 Arduino tutorials circuit breadboard electronic circuits schematic

 Arduino tutorials circuit  breadboard electronic circuits schematic.

This is the start page for our series of over fifty Arduino tutorials. Each tutorial from chapter zero to thirteen will cover a variety of topics and lessons, then from chapter fourteen each chapter will cover a particular topic.

這是我們的系列五十的Arduino教程起始頁。從零一章每一個教程十三將涵蓋各種主題和教訓，然後從十四章每章將介紹一個特定的主題。

If you are looking to learn about the world of Arduino – this is a great place for beginners to start, or for more experienced users to brush up on their knowledge. Scroll down to read the contents of each chapter. New tutorials, lessons and other articles of interest are announced via twitter, Google+, RSS feed and by email – to keep up, subscribe using the form in the column to the right.

如果您想了解的Arduino的世界 - 這是一個偉大的地方，適合初學者開始，或更有經驗的用戶刷上自己的知識。向下滾動到閱讀每一章節的內容。新教程，經驗教訓和其他感興趣的文章通過Twitter，谷歌，RSS提要，並通過電子郵件宣布 - 跟上，訂閱列在右邊使用的形式。

If you’d rather have a great book on Arduino – check out my new book “Arduino Workshop” from No Starch Press. 

But what is it? From their web page:

如果你寧願有一個偉大的書上的Arduino - 看看我的新書“的Arduino工作坊”，從沒有澱粉出版社。

但究竟是什麼？從他們的網頁：

Arduino is an open-source electronics prototyping platform based on flexible, easy-to-use hardware and software. It’s intended for artists, designers, hobbyists, and anyone interested in creating interactive objects or environments.

Arduino是基於靈活，易於使用的硬件和軟件的開源電子原型平台。它適用於藝術家，設計師，業餘愛好者，和任何有興趣創建交互式物體或環境。

Arduino can sense the environment by receiving input from a variety of sensors and can affect its surroundings by controlling lights, motors, and other actuators. The microcontroller on the board is programmed using the Arduino programming language (based on Wiring) and the Arduino development environment (based on Processing). Arduino projects can be stand-alone or they can communicate with software on running on a computer (e.g. Flash, Processing,MaxMSP).

Arduino的也可以從各種傳感器接收輸入感測環境，並且可以通過控制燈，馬達，和其它致動器影響其周圍。在電路板上的微控制器使用Arduino的編程語言（基於佈線）和Arduino的開發環境（基於處理）進行編程。 Arduino的項目可以獨立或者與軟件上的計算機（例如，閃光，處理中，MaxMSP）上運行的通信。

The boards can be built by hand or purchased preassembled; the software can be downloaded for free. The hardware reference designs (CAD files) are available under an open-source license, you are free to adapt them to your needs.

Arduino received an Honorary Mention in the Digital Communities section of the 2006 Ars Electronica Prix. The Arduino team is: Massimo Banzi, David Cuartielles, Tom Igoe,Gianluca Martino, and David Mellis.

電路板可用手或建造購買預裝配;該軟件可以免費下載。硬件參考設計（CAD文件），可在一個開放源碼許可，您可以自由地使其適應您的需求。

Arduino的獲得了榮譽獎，在2006年電子藝術大獎的數字社區部分。 Arduino的球隊是：馬西莫板仔，大衛Cuartielles，湯姆Igoe，贊布羅塔馬蒂諾和大衛梅利斯。

If you are shopping for your first Arduino board, please don’t use an Arduino Leonardo – the pinouts vary and for some chapters of this tutorial the board will not work and is not supported here. There isn’t anything wrong with the Leonardo, it just isn’t fully backwards compatible with Uno boards.

如果你購買你的第一個Arduino板，請不要使用一個Arduino萊昂納多 - 該引腳有所不同，在本教程中某些章節的板將無法工作，此處不支持。有沒有什麼不對的萊昂納多，它只是不與歐諾板完全向後兼容。

Over semi-regular intervals you will find a new instalment of my tutorials. If you have not used the system before, please start with Chapter Zero! In the first few chapters of the tutorials we refer to the book “Getting Started with Arduino” by Massimo Banzi.

在半定期，你會發現我的教程的新裝置。如果你還沒有使用過該系統，請與章從零開始！在我們指的是書教程的前幾章由馬西莫板仔“開始使用Arduino的”。

Technical support for the tutorials is available by asking a question in the Tronixstuff forum. After a few weeks I would hope that you have enough building blocks of knowledge to be able to bring your ideas to life!

可通過詢問在Tronixstuff論壇提問的教程技術支持。幾個星期後，我希望你有知識，足夠的積木，以便能夠把你的想法來生活！

Update – 04/02/2014: I have written these tutorials in a period spanning over three years. During this time several versions of the Arduino IDE have been published. I am endeavoring to update the tutorials so that they work with the latest Arduino v1.0.6 (or newer) IDE. In the meanwhile, you can run both v23 (old) and v1.0.1 (and more) on the same machine. Any tutorial noted as updated on 24/11/2012 or later works with the new IDE. Dates are in day-month-year format. Any questions – contact us.

So without further ado, beginners start at chapter zero – or choose your topic of interest:

更新 - 2014年4月2日：我曾經在一個時期跨越超過三年寫這些教程。在這段時間的幾個版本阿爾杜伊諾的IDE已經出版。我努力使他們與最新的1.0.6版本的Arduino（或更新版本）IDE一起更新的教程。在此期間，您可以運行在同一台機器上都V23（舊）和1.0.1（及以上）。記為更新24/11/2012或更高版本的教程將使用新的IDE。日期是在日 - 月 - 年的格式。如有任何問題 - 與我們聯繫。

因此，事不宜遲，初學者在開始零一章 - 或者選擇感興趣的話題：

原始網頁
http://tronixstuff.com

http://tronixstuff.com/tutorials/

google 翻譯網頁

https://translate.google.com.tw/translate?sl=en&tl=zh-TW&js=y&prev=_t&hl=zh-TW&ie=UTF-8&u=http%3A%2F%2Ftronixstuff.com%2Ftutorials%2F&edit-text=&act=url

http://tronixstuff.com/2013/12/09/tutorial-lm3915-logarithmic-dotbar-display-driver-ic/

Tutorial – LM3915 Logarithmic Dot/Bar Display Driver IC

http://tronixstuff.com/2010/09/17/moving-forward-with-arduino-chapter-17-gps/

Tutorial – Arduino and EM406A GPS

http://www.ti.com.cn/tihome/cn/docs/homepage.tsp

AN-162 LM2907 Tachometer/Speed Switch Building Block Applications

http://www.ti.com/lit/an/snaa088/snaa088.pdf

LM2907/LM2917 Frequency to Voltage Converter

http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/lm2907-n.pdf

LM3914 Dot/Bar Display Driver

http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/lm3914.pdf

AN-460 LM34/LM35 Precision Monolithic Temperature Sensors

http://www.ti.com.cn/cn/lit/an/snoa748c/snoa748c.pdf

Dynamo-Powered LED Light Circuits for Bicycles

http://www.pilom.de/BicycleElectronics/DynamoCircuits.htm

How to build a Solid State Tesla Coil

特斯拉線圈

http://www.loneoceans.com/labs/sstc2/

Easy High Voltage

輕鬆 產生 製造 高電壓

http://reibot.org/easy-high-voltage-supply/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage_multiplier
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage_doubler

Simple Dual-voltage Tracking Power Supply for 3 to 15 volts

http://www.joebrown.org.uk/wp/?p=7294

LM317, LM337, LF351, LM108, 78L08, TL071

A zip file containing PDF and jpg of the above schematic is here: http://joebrown.org.uk/images/DualPSU/fwpsu.zip

End of update

Downloads
The Eagle schematic for the Dual Tracking PSU is here: http://joebrown.org.uk/images/DualPSU/SplitSupply_Tracking.sch
and the printed circuit board layout here: http://.joebrown.org.uk/images/DualPSU/SplitSupply_Tracking.brd

The FrontDesigner project file is here: http://joebrown.org.uk/images/DualPSU/DualTrackingVariablePSU.FPL
and a high definition exported image file is here: http://joebrown.org.uk/images/DualPSU/DualTrackingVariablePSU_FPL.JPG

LM317L-N3-Terminal AdjustableRegulator 

http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/lm317l-n.pdf

LM150/LM350A/LM350 3-Amp Adjustable Regulators

http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/lm350-n.pdf

LM723/LM723C Voltage Regulator

http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/lm723.pdf

0-30 VDC STABILIZED POWER SUPPLY WITH CURRENT CONTROL 0.002-3 A

http://www.electronics-lab.com/project/0-30-vdc-stabilized-power-supply-with-current-control-0-002-3-a/

LM317

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LM317

key:

lm723 2N3055 LM723 CA3140 2N3055 LM317 Transistor

Adjustable Output, Positive Voltage Regulator

Voltage Regulator High precision protection Adjustable current regulator

Voltage Precision Adjustable   Regulator Current Regulator Calculator LM317 LM338 LM350 LM723

//////////

分享 電子 電路 網站 David's robotroom

去看看
http://www.robotroom.com/index.html


http://www.robotroom.com/contact.html

David's robot room 
分享許多他多年 的 興趣 與研究成果 還有書

你可以在 groups.yahoo.com 社團找到他的社團

內容相當多
如 機器人  太陽能機器人 感測器 馬達 

相當有趣

專案裡 有

火箭發射器 控制器

天氣氣候箱

水位感測器

led 照明 圓環

彩色南瓜

溫度 風扇 控制器

網路 時間 時鐘

序列通訊

紅外線傳輸

led 牆

Electronic Projects, Circuits, and Devices

Here are some nifty little projects that are useful for tasks in the workshop or home, as well as some that are more decorative. Some of the articles help beginners with simple circuits, whereas others delve into details on specific microcontroller chips.

Model Rocket Launch Controller
The secrets to a successful launch controller are thick cables, power through a relay, and a beefy battery (such as a lead-acid motorcycle battery). Learn what is inside a low-end commercial rocket launcher, how to make your own simple launch controller, and take a look at a fancy rocket controller that includes covered pilot switches and a switch lock. 

Rocket Ignition System
The problem with most model rocket launch controllers is that the battery is located with the operator, far away from the launch pad. This requires thick cables and wastes significant energy. By locating the battery near the rocket engine and using a remotely-controlled relay, the improved launch system is more efficient but can still be built at home. Includes complete schematics, the pcb layout, and source/object code. 

Weather Station
Logging six temperatures and solar activity at one minute intervals around the clock using a 4 megabyte serial flash chip. The observation results are graphed to demonstrate weather conditions over multiple days in the Chicagoland area. Ran into some problems with a broken wire, overheating project box, shadows, and exposed sensors. 

Weather Station Charts
With the do-it-yourself weather station recording data for over six months, let’s see what can be discovered about the temperatures, sunlight, moonlight, and activities in the backyard, home office, and kitchen of a home in the suburbs of Chicago. 

Water-Softener Brine-Tank Salt-Level Monitor
If you have hard water, did you ever forget to add salt to the water softener tank? This electronic device monitors how full the tank is using a Sharp DP2D12 infrared distance monitor. The results are displayed on a custom wall plate with a multicolor LED bar graph. The project also includes several photosensors to save power. 

Miniature Surface-Mount LED Ring Light
Ring lights provide shadowless all-around lighting that is particularly useful for close-up work such as macro-photography and circuit-board inspection with a magnifying glass. This project also includes instructions on soldering surface-mount electronic components and machining a circuit board into a ring (round/circular/donut) shape.

Halloween Pumpkin with Colorful LED Candles
Extensive tutorial on putting blinking LEDs and different colored LEDs into jack-o-lanterns. Includes schematics, solderless breadboard photos, and three movies (the blue pulsing LED is my favorite). Great way of getting started in electronics! Although this was written for Halloween, the techniques are applicable for Christmas votive candles as well.

Standalone LED Tester
Description and schematic for a constant-current LED tester. It safely lights up standard through-hole and surface mount LEDs, while providing easy access to current and voltage measurements.

Dual Fan Controller
A birthday present gone too far. An overengineered temperature-based automatic twin fan controller with brass face to keep a kitchen PC cool.

Fighter Pilot Safety-Cover Toggle Switch
See how an illuminated toggle switch works by breaking one open and putting it back together. Most of these are automotive switches, which need 12 V. The circuit schematics on the second page of the article show you how to shift voltage levels from 12 V to 5 V, and 5 V to 12 V. A microcontroller can read the switch state and blink the LED. 

Trimpots
A visual guide to breadboard-friendly trimpots (small variable resistors) that appear in nearly every hobbyist electronic project. The article features comparison pictures and part numbers of 3/8-inch and 1/4-inch square single-turn and multi-turn trimmers. Even more interesting is the cutaway close-up photographs of the inside gears and brushes of these tiny potentiometers. 

AVR Studio 4 and the STK500
To write firmware to an Atmel AVR microcontroller, you need a computer, free AVR Studio software, a hardware interface, and a little bit of knowledge. This tutorial shows how to obtain, install, set up, and write a HEX file to an ATtiny chip using the STK500 programming board. Covers fuse bits, jumper positions, ISP frequency, and target voltage. 

Trimming the Internal Clock on a KX8 Microcontroller
Example algorithms for manually or automatically tuning the oscillator on the internal clock generator of the popular MC68HC908KX8 microcontroller. Also includes batch test results and a video.

Analog Comparison, Digital Result
Comparators are very useful for comparing two analog voltages and providing a digital result. In this case, if the light source is dim, a red LED is enabled. If the light source is bright, a green LED is enabled. However, once comparators are understood, they can be useful for driving small robots or helping a microcontroller.

Multi-Segment LED Display
Lite-On LTM-Y2K19JF-03 is a surprisingly good LED display with alphanumeric, numeric, and icon LEDs. The LED module includes all driver circuitry -- no additional transistors or resistors are necessary. The article also describes how to create and edit a 14-segment alphanumeric LED font using Excel.

Serial Communication
A very popular method of sending and receiving data between devices and computers is good old asynchronous serial communication. See traces of characters being transmitted. Learn how far timing can be off before introducing errors. Includes a table of popular crystal frequencies and baud rates, as well as machining information and a source code snippet for an automatic bps detection tool. 

Atmel TWI
Explains an I2C multi-master bus issue on the Atmel AVR 8-bit microcontrollers. Shows logic analyzer traces of TWI (two-wire interface). 

Alphanumeric LED Display Project
A phenomenal 256-diode ROM acts as a character generator for a two-digit hexadecimal display. 

Infrared Transmitter Project
The heart of this project is a NAND gate turned into a 40-kHz oscillator. A simple 9-volt to 5-volt regulator circuit schematic is also included. 

Robot Books

Robot Building for Beginners by David CookThis book is for readers who like the schematics, photographs, and style of Robot Room, but who have been looking for complete step-by-step instructions or a beginning project. Robot Building for Beginners consists of all new material that doesn’t exist on this web site. Highly recommended. Teens to adults. Here’s a detailed look at the chapters.

• Amazon - paperback
• Amazon - Kindle

Intermediate Robot Building by David CookA second book, also in the style of the Robot Room website and the first book. Presents a second robot that can be built with or without programming. All new material not presented on this site, plus greater in-depth material on the topics that receive the most questions on RobotRoom.com:

• Bipolar H-bridge motor drivers and MOSFET H-bridge motor drivers
• Infrared reflective sensors
• Cadmium-sulfide photoresistors

Highly recommended. College students to adults. Here’s a detailed look at the chapters.

• Amazon - paperback

Junkbots, Bugbots, & Bots on Wheels by Dave Hrynkiw and Mark W. TildenTruly an excellent book from very talented builders!
Tons of clear photographs with complete instructions for multiple robots and related experiments. Lots of tips and tricks.
There are two things I like most about this book: First, the authors concentrate on recycling as many techno-trash parts as possible, which overcomes the cost barrier that many robot hobbyists encounter. Second, the designs are extremely different from the two-wheeled robots that I tend to build. Their fascinating (yet easy to build) robots are much like insects in appearance, movement, and behavior.

• Amazon - paperback
• Amazon - Kindle

VK6WIA Broadcast Transceiver Don Graham VK6HK 廣播 無線電 電路 儀表

http://www.vk6uu.id.au/vk6wia-broadcast-transceiver-circuits.html

Will's web pages

http://www.vk6uu.id.au/index.html

VK6WIA Broadcast Transceiver Don Graham VK6HK 廣播 無線電 電路 儀表

The unit is based on a 為基礎PHILIPS FM880 link transceiver 發射機 


which was originally supplied to a Telecom Australia specification 澳洲規範 for telephone 遠距電話 applications in remote areas of Australia. 

The FM880 in turn is part of the family of equipment including the 

PHILIPS FM828/FM814 series of fixed and mobile transceivers. 

The main receiver and transmitter exciter boards are identical 

in most cases and are surrounded with specialized boards and circuitry for the particular application.

These are:

(a) AGC/Limiting Amplifier.
(b) 200-3800 Hz Filter and Microphone Amplifier
(c) CTCSS Sub-tone generator.
(d) Vu and Peak level meter drive.
(e) Audio power amplifier.
(f) -12V supply.
(g) 1 KHz tone generator.
(h) Auxiliary audio amplifier
(i) Deviation audio amplifier
(j) Twin FM crystal oscillator
(k) Tone keying relay
(l) Single control relay
(m) Dual control relay

3.1 Functions

The following panel controls have been provided:-

12 Volt power switch
Microphone gain
High Level (tape) input gain
Channel switch
Microphone/High Level switch
1 KHz Audio Osci11ator switch
Audio Level Meter switch
CTCSS Sub-tone switch and LED indicator
Transmitter Monitor switch
Audio Out (Receiver) or Audio
Receiver Squelch
Receiver Audio gain
Transmit Key

On the front panel are located :-

Phone jack (Stereo wired as mono)
Audio out jack (Mono >5OKohm load)
Microphone/PTT socket
VU/Peak level meter
Transmit RF level meter

On the rear of the chassis are:-

Extension speaker jack (8 Ohm)
High level input (Two RCA sockets in parallel)
Audio osci11ator key jack
13.8 Volt input (Barrier strip  terminals  or  2  pin  Utilux)
Antenna connector (S0239)
DIN connector for External Auxiliary Unit

7.2. Microphone Preamp.麥克風前置放大器

The microphone preamp is a standard design, capable of lifting the output from 600 ohm or 50000 ohm microphone inserts to a compatible level with the 50-100 mV expected from the HL input.高功率強力麥克風

7.3. 1KHz Oscillator.信號產生

The oscillator is based on the Wien Bridge principle, with the frequency of oscillation determined by the phase shifting components R1C1, R2C2. The level of feedback to maintain oscillation is controlled by the AGC system including the 1N414S, 7.5 Volt zener diode and the 2N3819 FET. The AGC network controls the effective resistance to ground from the inverting input to the 741 and hence maintains its gain as just sufficient to maintain oscillation. Distortion is thus held to a 1ow 1evel. Oscillation is inhibited by applying a negative bias to the 2N3819 gate. Keying is provided by a reed relay in the output line. Direct keying of the oscillator was not provided as the time constants necessary in the circuit produced an unsatisfactory keying characteristic. Inhibition of the oscillator has been used to eliminate the possibility of low level audio cross talk into the microphone or HL channels when the oscillator is not required.


7.4. CTCSS Generator.視聽電子訊號

The requirements of this generator are stability and repeatability, so the generator has been based on a crystal controlled source, using a cheaply available 4.000 MHz crystal and a clock IC type MM5369AA.

The MM5369AA produces a high amplitude square wave which is "brute force" filtered by a two stage ladder filter to produce a somewhat distorted but useable sine wave. The level of distortion does not appear to be sufficient to provide intrusive harmonic content in the audible range, but no doubt an active filter would provide a cleaner wave form. Ample level is available to provide direct injection to the frequency modulated crystal oscillator.

7.5. Audio Filter.濾波

An audio band pass filter has been provided to limit the bandwidth of all audio presented to the limiting amplifier and of course for transmission. The circuit is actually a low pass followed by a high pass section. Gain of the circuit is 1 with little distortion contribution at the level of operation. The 3 dB bandwidth is about 200-3800 Hz. The 200 Hz cutoff also helps to keep undesirable audio out of the sub-tone band.

7.6. Limiting Amplifier.限制 放大

The limiting amplifier has been included rather than clipping to keep distortion contribution down. Clipping can produce greater "talk power" but also can produce distortion products which are magnified in the relay system on which the wide coverage of the W1A broadcast depends.

The limiter uses a specialised control 1C type MC3340 for which the manufacturer specifies low distortion in the limiting application. In the standard circuit used, a control voltage is developed in a 741 1C with half wave detection and filtering applied to a 2N3819 FET, which in turn controls the gain of the MC3340. Some extravagant claims are made for this design, which while it does the job could be improved by the inclusion of a full-wave detector, and a reduction in attack time. To avoid delay it has been used “as is”.

A number of adjustments are provided by trimpots. TP3 sets the gain of the feedback amplifier while TP2 sets the limiting threshold. TP1 and TP2 provide conventional input and output level controls for overall system alignment.

It was found necessary to operate the limiter from closely regulated power supply rails to avoid an unsatisfactory lock-up and slow release condition when switching to transmit. The effect was due to about 0.5 volt shift in the 13.8 Volt rail originally used to supply the positive feed. The present "unbalanced" power supply rails are an undesirable consequence, but don't appear to have introduced any uncontrollable penalty.

7.7 Modifications to VK6WIA FM880 - 25th March, 1994

7.7.1 Facilities have been added to generate DTMF control tones. Control is via an External Auxiliary Unit which plugs into an 8 pin DIN connector on the rear panel of the FM880.

電話撥號

For example, to allow VK6RAP operation on an alternate frequency to provide some degree of protection from accidental interference when running news broadcasts through Perth repeater VK6RAP, proceed as follows:-


dtmf fsk protected Dual Tone Multi Frequency frequency shift keying


http://www.epanorama.net/circuits/teleinterface.html#general

為電流電池保護 Versatile Micropower Battery Protector

http://www.diyelectronicsprojects.com/2014/06/versatile-micropower-battery-protector.html

http://www.circuit-finder.com

http://circuit-zone.com/?cat=battery_chargers

Versatile Micropower Battery Protector

Protect your expensive batteries from discharge damage with this mini-sized electronic cutout switch. It uses virtually no power and can be built to suit a wide range of battery voltages.

Main Features

Disconnects load at preset battery voltage

Automatically reconnects load when battery recharged

Ultra-low power consumption

Miniature size

10A maximum rating

Suitable for use with 4.8-12.5V batteries

Transient voltage protection (optional)

Suitable for use in...

Cars, boats & caravans

Security systems

Emergency lighting

Small solar installations

Camera battery packs

Many other low-power applications